Archive
The Ethnology Notebooks. 2022. #2 (164). P. 265-522 According to the materials of the... read »
2013 year, issue 4 read »
2012 year, issue 4 read »
The Ethnology Notebooks. 2024. # 2 (176). P. 259-476 DOI... read »

« 2021. # 1 (157)

The Ethnology Notebooks. 2021. # 1 (157), P. 73—83

УДК 398.3:664.6( 477.87-2=161.2)

DOI https://doi.org/10.15407/nz2021.01.073

Andrii ZIUBROVSKYI

  • ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2221-3731
  • Candidate of Sciences in History,
  • Senior Researcher,
  • the Institute of Ethnology of the National
  • Academy of Sciences of Ukraine,
  • the Department of Historical Ethnology,
  • 15, Svobody Avenue, 79000, Lviv, Ukraine,
  • e-mail: anzjubr@gmail.com

TRADITIONAL METHODS, WAYS AND CRITERIA FOR CHECKING THE READINESS OF THE STOVE FOR BREAD SETTLING IN VOLYN IN THE LATE XIX — EARLY XXI CENTURY

The stage of heat treatment of the dough, which began with the insertion of bread into the oven, was one of the most important in the process of baking bread. It was at this stage that inedible dough became bread, changing not only visually but also conceptually. During this stage, the hostess could hardly have any real influence on the preparation of cookies, as the main factors of successful baking were laid down in advance.

Despite the importance of this stage of the baking cycle, this topic is extremely poorly covered, both in the literature sources and in scientific studies related to folk nutrition. Thus, in Ukrainian ethnology there is still no work devoted to determining the realistic basis (or lack thereof) in folk conceptions about the markers of the oven’s readiness to bake bread, there is no correlation of peasants’ ideas with modern scientific data. The object of this article is the stage of checking the readiness of the oven for planting bread, and the subject — specific criteria, methods, ways and markers for determining the temperature of the working surfaces and the inner space of the furnace chamber, their types, kinds and origins.

According to folk criteria, the temperature of the stove bottom should not exceed 270—300 degrees and 350—400°C for the walls, the core — no more than 300° C. In principle, these indicators are correlated with modern standards of industrial baking. The polyvalence of the criteria and markers for determining the optimal temperature is related to the following factors. Thus, flour of different grades and types had different particle size, different amount of impurities, different humidity, and therefore had a slightly different self ignition temperature. The same applies to the dough of different types of cereals: for the successful baking of rye bread required a higher temperature. Each oven had an individual cooling time, so the starting temperature of the beginning of baking was selected and checked by each housewife for a long time of empirical observations. A striking local feature of baking in ethnographic Volyn was the use of table salt as a marker of the oven’s readiness to plant bread. However, it was most likely used for ritual rather than rational purposes.

Keywords: bread, oven, heat, firewood, burnt, sparks, smo­ke, flour, raw, straw, paper, kotsiuba.

REFERENCES

  • Rokossowska, Z. (1899). Bread. Its significance in the world conceptions, the healing and the daily life, gathered in the village Yurkovszczyzna Zwiahel district. Wisla (Vol.13, pp. 153–158) [in Polish].
  • Shchelokovskaia, V. (1899). Food and drink of peasants-maloros`, with some customs, beliefs and omens related here. Etnohraphicheskoie obozreniie, 1—2, 266—322 [in Russian].
  • Zahlada, N. (1931). Food in the village Starosillia in Chernihiv region. Materiialy do ethnolohii. Materials for the monograph village Starosillia (Vol. 3, pp. 83—196) [in Ukrainian].
  • Konenko, Y. (1918). Folk food in Skalat district. Materiialy do Ukrainskoi etnologii (Vol. 28, pp. 70—85) [in Ukrainian].
  • Artiukh, L. (1977). Ukrainian folk cooking [in Ukrainian].
  • Tsypyshev, S. (2009). Traditional bread products of Rivne Polissya in the early twentieth century. (According to field materials from Dubrovytsia and Sarny districts of Rivne region). Polissieznavstvo in folklore-ethnographic and literary-artistic researches: Scientific edition (Pp. 99—107) [in Ukrainian].
  • Ziubrovskyi, A. (2018). Folk traditions of baking bread of Ukrainians in the late XIX — early XXI century (According to the data South-Western historic-ethnographic macro region of Ukraine). Kyiv [in Ukrainian].
  • Konopka, V., & Ziubrovskyi, A. (2018). «From grain to bread»: semantic-structural analysis of Ukrainians’ agricultural way of life (on the data of the South-Western historic-ethnographic macro region). Lviv [in Ukrainian].
  • Ziubrovskyi, A. (2010). Traditional basis of baking bread in Rivne region (according to field research of Hoshcha and Ostroh districts of Rivne region in July 2009). The Ethnology Notebooks, 5—6, 776–783 [in Ukrainian].
  • Archive of the Institute of Ethnology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (hereinafter: Archive of IE NASU). F. 1. Op. 2. Act. 598-a. Field ethnographic materials on the topic «Bread in the traditional culture of Ukrainians», recorded by Andrii Viktorovych Ziubrovskyi on July 4—10, 2009 in Hoscha and Ostroh districts of Rivne region [in Ukrainian].
  • Archive of IE NASU. F. 1. Op. 2. Act. 683: Field ethnographic materials on the topic «Bread in the traditional culture of Ukrainians» were recorded by Andrii Viktorovych Ziubrovskyi on June 2—5, 2010 in Shumsk district of Ternopil region [in Ukrainian].
  • Archive of IE NASU. F. 1. Op. 2. Act. 685: Field ethnographic materials on the topic «Bread in the traditional culture of Ukrainians» were recorded by Andrii Viktorovych Ziubrovskyi on July 7—19, 2010 in the Horokhiv district of the Volyn region [in Ukrainian].
  • Archive of IE NASU. F. 1. Op. 2. Act. 686: Field ethnographic materials on the topic «Bread in the traditional culture of Ukrainians» were recorded by Andrii Viktorovych Ziubrovskyi on August 27—29, 2010 in Zdolbuniv district of Rivne region [in Ukrainian].
  • Archive of IE NASU. F. 1. Op. 2. Act. 688: Field ethnographic materials on the topic «Bread in the traditional culture of Ukrainians» were recorded by Andrii Viktorovych Ziubrovskyi on July 7—13, 2011 in Brody and Radekhiv districts of Lviv region [in Ukrainian].
  • Archive of IE NASU. F. 1. Op. 2. Act. 689: Field ethnographic materials on the topic «Bread in the traditional culture of Ukrainians», recorded by Andrii Viktorovych Ziubrovskyi on July  4—8, 2012 in Kamianka-Buzka district of Lviv region [in Ukrainian].
  • Holubovych, I. (1918). Folk food in Sniatyn district (Pokuttia). Materiialy do Ukrainskoi etnologii (Vol. 28, pp. 48—70). Lviv [in Ukrainian].
  • Guzman, I. (Ed.). (2003). Chemical technology of ceramics. Textbook. Manual for universities [in Russian].
  • Drobot, V. (2002). Bakery production technology. Kyiv [in Ukrainian].
  • Kravchenko, V., & Ruban, O. (Ed.). (2009). Fire. In Collection of works and materials on archival heritage (Vol. 2, p. 70). Kyiv [in Ukrainian].
  • Makhovskyi, V., & Kriukovska, O. (2105). Research of dangers and an estimation of consequences of emergency situations and accidents in warehouses of bulk storage of flour of the bakery enterprises. Collection of Dniprodzerzhynsk State Technical University, 1, 288–295 [in Ukrainian].
  • Archive of IE NASU. F. 1. Op. 2, Act. 684: Field ethnographic materials on the topic «Bread in the traditional culture of Ukrainians» were recorded by Andrii Viktorovych Ziubrovskyi on June 27—29, 2010 in Turkiv district of Lviv region [in Ukrainian].
  • Archive of IE NASU. F. 1. Op. 2. Act. 687: Field ethnographic materials on the topic «Bread in the traditional culture of Ukrainians» were recorded by Andrii Viktorovych Ziubrovskyi on June 22—25, 2011 in Volovets district of Zakarpattia region [in Ukrainian].
  • Aftandyliants, E., Zazymko, O., & Lopatko, K. (2013). Materials of science. Kyiv [in Ukrainian].
  • Piankova, K., Sedakova, I., & Tolstoi, N. (Ed.). (2012). Salt. Slavic antiquities: Ethnolinguistic dictionary: in 5 vol. (Vol. 5, pp. 113—119). Moscow [in Russian].
  • Archive of IE NASU. F. 1. Op. 2. Act. 791: Field ethnographic materials on the topic «Bread in the traditional culture of Ukrainians», recorded by Andrii Viktorovych Ziubrovskyi on July 3—13, 2013 in Chernyakhiv, Chervonoarmiisk and Novograd-Volynsk districts of Zhytomyr region [in Ukrainian].
  • Baran, D., & Khomovsky, O. (2019). Features of burning of wooden structures. Collection of abstracts of the 8th International Scientific and Technical Conference of Young Scientists and Students «Actual problems of modern technologies», November 27—28, 2019 (Vol. 1, p. 143) [in Ukrainian].
  • Mandebura, O., Pavlyuk, S., & Omelyashko, R. (Eds.). (2003). Traditional Polissia nutrition: everyday food. Polissia Ukrainy: materialy istoryko-etnografichnoho doslidzhennia. In the interfluve of the Uzh and Teterev rivers. 1996 (Issue 3, pp. 323—336). Lviv [in Ukrainian].

Read»

Our authors
Olena Fedorchuk. Senior Research Fellow, Ph.D. read »
Kuzmenko Oksana Senior Researcher, Candidate of... read »
Ulana Movna. Senior Research Fellow, Ph.D. in History. read »
Yaroslav Taras. Head of Department, Professor, Doctor... read »
Maternity ritualism by volhynians in publications of the second half XIX to the early XXI cc.
In the article have been considered some basic landmarks for fixing and publication of ethnographic materials on the maternity rites of Volhynia with analytical study in ritual elements, their kinds and territories of origin. The article has also raised a problem of gaps in studies of maternity rites of Ukrainian historio-ethnographic Volhynia.
Read »

Wax candle as ukrainian Christmas and epiphany ritualistic text
For the first time in native ethnology the article has brought some results of special study in sign functionality of a wax candle under the context of Ukrainian Christmas and Epiphany ritualistic text (ritualism of Christmas Eve, New Year, Epiphany Eve and Feast of Epiphany). The study has stated extremely high semiotic position of a wax candle as projection of Sun, mediator between the spheres of sacral and prophane elements, symbolic analogue of human existence, apotropy, cultural symbol re-establishing borders of acculturated space.
Read »

On field exploration of russian and belarusian ethnologists and etnolinguists in Ukrainian Polisia 1945—1980s
In the study based on a wide range of literary materials have been comprehensively characterised field research in Polisia of Ukraine, performed by Russian and Belarusian ethnologists during 1945—1980s as well as Moscow ethnolinguists and other researchers from ethnologic centres of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus in the course of realization of Ethnolinguistic Atlas of Polisia program. Particular attention has been paid to geography, methods, themes and research results of scientific projects.
Read »

Boikos’ pandemonium: categories of evil deceased
In the article have been presented some research-work on peculiarities of Boikos’ traditional demonological notions as for so-called evil deceased; on the basis of field records and ethnological literary sources quite a number of scum categories have been defined as well as essential habits, modes of behavior and functions of these personages of people’s demonology.
Read »