Archive
«Narodoznavchi Zoshyty» 2017 year, issue 6 read »
«Narodoznavchi Zoshyty» 2015 year, issue 2 read »
The Ethnology Notebooks. 2023. № 3 (171). С. 503-824 DOI... read »
The Ethnology Notebooks. 2023. № 6 (174). P. 1331-1532 DOI... read »

« 2023. # 4 (172)

The Ethnology Notebooks. 2023. № 4 (172), 877—903

UDK 930.2:[341.485(=161.2):355.355.01(470+571:477)”2022″]

DOI https://doi.org/10.15407/nz2023.04.877

GENOCIDE OF THE UKRAINIAN NATION IN 2022: SOURCES, SIGNS, CRIMES

KRYVENKO Anastasiia

  • ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9353-2919
  • Candidate of Sciences in History, Senior Researcher,
  • the Institute of Ethnology of the National
  • Academy of Sciences of Ukraine,
  • The Department of Modern Ethnology,
  • 15, Svobody Avenue, 79000, Lviv, Ukraine,
  • Contacts: е-mail: n.d.kryvenko@gmail.com

FYLYPCHUK Galyna

  • ORCID ID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2768-6706
  • Candidate of Sciences in History, Senior Researcher,
  • the Institute of Ethnology of the National
  • Academy of Sciences of Ukraine,
  • The Department of Historical Ethnology,
  • 15, Svobody Avenue, 79000, Lviv, Ukraine,
  • Contacts: е-mail: galsoloviy@ukr.net

Abstract. The article focuses the main signs and evidence of the intention of the Russian authorities to commit the mass extermination of Ukrainians during a full-scale invasion of Ukraine from February 24, 2022. It discusses the question of the definition of “genocide” and its varieties, defines the main sources for the study of genocidal phenomena, their theoretical and legal component. Examples of crimes of genocide of Ukrainians committed by the Russian Federation in Ukraine, starting from February 24, 2022, are given and analyzed. The study of the chosen topic is especially relevant today, the physical existence of Ukrainians under the conditions of the war against Ukraine provoked by Russian aggression is threatened again. The paper also has a practical purpose — spreading true information about Russia’s crimes, which should be considered acts of genocide against Ukrainians, and refutation of myths relayed by the Russian propaganda machine.

The chronological framework of the study covers the period from February 24 to October 2022. The object of the study is the crimes of genocide committed by the Russian Federation on the territory of Ukraine during this period. The subject is legal documents, historical and political narratives, oral testimony, documented data, audio and video materials, media publications, the analysis of which proves the genocidal nature of the crimes committed by the Russians in the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine after the full-scale invasion.

Thanks to the application of various general scientific and special methods of historical science (comparative-historical, typological, systematic, method of analogy, etc.), it was found that the crimes of Russia on the territory of Ukraine should be interpreted as acts of genocide of Ukrainians.

Keywords: genocide, ethnocide, linguicide, crime, occupation, Russian-Ukrainian war, full-scale invasion.

Received 5.07.2023

REFERENCES

  • Kozyts’kyj, A. (2012). Genocide and the Policy of Mass Extermination of Civilians in the Twentieth Century (Causes, Features, Consequences). Lviv [in Ukrainian].
  • Kul’chyts’kyj, S. (2016). The Holodomor as Genocide: What Should the Evidence Base to be? Ukrainian Week. Retrieved from: https://tyzhden.ua/History/179250 (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2010). The Genocide of Ukraine in the Twentieth Century: Materials of the All-Ukrainian Scientific and Practical Conference. Lviv [in Ukrainian].
  • (2013). The Genocide of Ukraine in the Twentieth Century: Materials of the Second All-Ukrainian Scientific and Practical Conference. Lviv [in Ukrainian].
  • (2010). The Genocide of Ukraine in the Twentieth Century. Ukraine under the occupation regimes: historical realities and postcolonial syndrome: materials of the third all-Ukrainian scientific and practical conference. Lviv [in Ukrainian].
  • Ukrainian Institute of National Memory. Retrieved from: https://uinp.gov.ua/pro-instytut/komanda/aparat-instytutu (Last accessed June 25, 2023).
  • Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Article II). Retrieved from: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_155?lang=uk#top (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • Tsiupyn, B. (2022). What is genocide according to the UN Convention? Retrieved from: https://ukrainian.voanews.com/a/un-definition-and-explanation-of-the-crime-of-genocide/6527514.html (accessed June 25, 2023).
  • (2001, 19.06.). The Criminal Code of Ukraine. Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. Document 2341-III. Retrieved from: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2341-14#n3056 (Last accessed June 25, 2023).
  • Ukraine and the world after February 21. (2022, 22.02.). How Putin’s recognition of the «Donbas republics» changed reality. Ukrainska Pravda. Retrieved from: https://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2022/02/22/7324958/ (Last accessed June 25, 2023).
  • Schedrovytskyj, P. (1997). 1111 signs for 1111 days before the New Millennium. Manifesto of the new generation. Russian Archipelago. Network project of the Russian World. Retrieved from: https://archipelag.ru/ru_mir/history/history95-97/shedrovicky-1111zn/ (Last accessed June 25, 2023).
  • Dunlop, J. (2004). Aleksandr Dugin’s Foundations of Geopolitics. Demokratizatsiya. The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization Institute for European, Russian and Eurasian Studies, George Washington University, 12 (1), 41. Retrieved from: chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://demokratizatsiya.pub/archives/Geopolitics.pdf (Last accessed: 25.06.2023).
  • Epte, K. (2022). Russia’s exterminationist rhetoric against Ukraine: a compilation. Just Security. Retrieved from: https://www.justsecurity.org/81797/russias-eliminationist-rhetoric-against-ukraine-a-collection-ua (Last accessed: 06.05.2023).
  • Riabchuk, M. (2017). «Almost One Nation». Features of the use of propaganda mythology in an undeclared war. Scientific Notes of the Institute of Political and Ethnic Studies, 5—6 (91—92), 213—231 [in Ukrainian].
  • Taran, V. (2022). Putin denounced the remainder of the Ukrainian resolution. CensorNet. Retrieved from: https://censor.net/ru/blogs/3319713/putn_ogolosiv_pro_ostatochne_virshennya_ukranskogo_pitannya?fbclid=IwAR2PK_i2o46J7CT3kROxsuOtyEg2db9u7H-2sr1NxJCF2hr1_x7acK0_peo (Last accessed: 25.06.2023).
  • (2019). Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide of December 9, 1948. IAS Consultant. Retrieved from: http://consultant.parus.ua/?doc=00YNNB9­C82&abz=1PSKN (Last accessed: 25.06.2023).
  • Hirsch, F. (2022). «De-Ukrainization» s genocide — Biden was right to sound the alarm. The Hill. Retrieved from: https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3267060-de-ukrainization-is-genocide-biden-was-right-to-sound-the-alarm/ (Last accessed: 25.06.2023).
  • (2008).NATO bloc broke up into blocs. Kommersant. Retrieved from: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/877224 (Last accessed: 25.06.2023).
  • Putin, V. (2012). Russia: national issue. Article of Prime Minister of Russia V.V. Putin in «Nezavisimaya gazeta». Retrieved from: http://archive.premier.gov.ru/events/news/17831/ (Last accessed: 25.06.2023).
  • (2014). Address by President of the Russian Federation. Retrieved from: http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/20603
  • (2016). Russian Prime Minister: Ukraine Has «No Industry, or State». The Moscow Times. Retrieved from: https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2016/04/05/russian-prime-minister-ukraine-has-no-industry-or-state-a52385 (Last accessed: 25.06.2023).
  • (2016). «They need to be partially eliminated» — Mikhail Khazin speaks about Ukraine and Ukrainians. Fragment of speech at the meeting of the «Russian outlook» club. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vq5Fzkr9Tec (Last accessed: 25.06.2023).
  • (2022). The first suspicion in Ukraine of calls for genocide of the Ukrainian people was served on a Russian publicist. Retrieved from: https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/news-gasparian-genotsyd-sprava/31800211.html (Last accessed: 25.06.2023).
  • (2022). What the ideologue of «denazification» of Ukraine Armen Gasparyan puts into the heads of Russian schoolchildren. Retrieved from: https://armyinform.com.ua/2022/08/01/shho-ideolog-denaczyfikacziyi-ukrayiny-armen-gasparyan-ukladaye-v-golovy-rosijskym-shkolyaram/ (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2022). Vladimir Putin’s Address to the Russians. Full text. Retrieved from: https://tass.ru/politika/13791435 (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • Snyder, T. (2022). Russia’s genocide handbook. Thinking about... Retrieved from: https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook?s=r (Last accessed: 25.06.2023).
  • Lawyers: It is necessary to collect evidence of Putin’s genocide against Ukrainians. ZN.UA. Retrieved from: https://zn.ua/ukr/WORLD/zbirati-dokazi-henotsidu-putina-shchodo-ukrajintsiv-neobkhidno-pravoznavtsi.html (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2022). Patriarch Kirill of the Russian Orthodox Church: young Russians «perform a feat» by killing Ukrainians. Ukrainska Pravda. Retrieved from: https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/04/3/7336889/ (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2022, september 25). Kirill said that death in the war against Ukraine «washes away all sins». Ukrayinska Pravda. Retrieved from: https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/09/25/7369023/ (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • Fein, H. (1991). Accounting for genocide after 1945: Theories and some findings. International Journal on Group Rights (Vol. 1, 2, pp. 79—106).
  • Hilberg, R. (2003). The Destruction of the European Jews (Vol. I). New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Goldhagen, D.J. (1996). Hitler’s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust. New York.
  • Radevych-Vynnytskyi, Y.K., & Dziuba, I.M. (Ed.). (2016). Lingvocide. Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine: in 30 vols. (Vol. 17). NAS of Ukraine; National Academy of Sciences. Kyiv: Institute of Encyclopedic Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Retrieved from: https://esu.com.ua/article-55514 (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • The Russian policy of linguicide in the occupied territories of Ukraine as a way of dismantling the constitutional system of Ukraine and an element of genocide against the Ukrainian people. Responsible for the protection of the state language, 06/28/2022. URL: https://mova-ombudsman.gov.ua/news/rosijska-politika-lingvocidu-na-okupovanih-teritoriyah-ukrayini-yak-sposib-demontazhu-konstitucijnogo-ladu-ukrayini-ta-element-genocidu-proti-ukrayinskogo-narodu (Last accessed: 25.06.2023).
  • (2022). Map of cultural losses. Ukrainian Cultural Foundation. Retrieved from: https://uaculture.org/culture-loss (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2022). Russians can be accused of committing genocide in Ukraine. Zaxid.net. Retrieved from: https://zaxid.net/rosiyan_mozhna_zvinuvatiti_u_vchinenni_genotsidu_v_ukrayini_n1545867 (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • Parker, S. (2002). What are war crimes — and could Russia be committing them in Ukraine? Washington Post. Retrieved from: https://archive.ph/20220319025356/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/03/03/russia-ukraine-war-crimes-explainer/ (Last accessed: 25.06.2023).
  • Kozyts’kyj, A. (2019). Volyn events of 1943: conceptual assessments based on the methodology of genocidal studies. «Volyn-43»: myths and reality: a collection of scientific papers (Pp. 42—46). Lutsk [in Ukrainian].
  • Lemkin, R. (2008). Soviet genocide in Ukraine. Radio Liberty. Retrieved from: https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/1349371.html (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • Andriuschenko Time. Telegram. Retrieved from: https://t.me/andriyshTime/1063 (Last accessed: 25.06.2023).
  • Tkachenko.UA. Telegram. Retrieved from: https://t.me/otkachenkokyiv/2158?fbclid=IwAR078ctbqVJY6olqBtdKACpcwirreERh5ez-PUfLVMOmZyBs2bd4B5p1MGU (Last accessed: 25.06.2023).
  • Almost 700 Russian textbooks were seized from a school in the de-occupied Kharkiv region. Ukrainska Pravda. 10.14.2022. Retrieved from: https://life.pravda.com.ua/society/2022/10/14/250841/ (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2022). In Mariupol, children are forced to sing the Russian anthem on camera: what the occupiers are up to. Retrieved from: https://donbas24.news/news/u-mariupoli-ditei-zmusuyut-na-kameru-spivati-gimn-rosiyi-shho-zadumali-okupanti (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2022). «Our task is to make it look like Ukraine simply does not exist». References to Kyiv and Ukraine are being removed from textbooks published by Prosvіdvіstvo. Mediazona. Retrieved from: https://zona.media/article/2022/04/23/enlightenment/ (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2022). Occupants force parents to send children to schools with Russian curriculum — GUR. Word and Deed. Retrieved from: https://www.slovoidilo.ua/2022/07/05/novyna/bezpeka/okupanty-zmushuyut-batkiv-viddavaty-ditej-shkil-rosijskoyu-prohramoyu-hur (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2022). How many cultural monuments have been destroyed and how losses are recorded — Ministry of Culture. Suspilne Novyny. Retrieved from: https://suspilne.media/253063-skilki-kulturnih-pamatok-zrujnovano-j-ak-fiksuut-vtrati-minkult/ (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2022). Kremlin’s intentions: why Russia’s war against Ukraine is a genocide of the Ukrainian people. Retrieved from: https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/rosiya-henotsyd-proty-ukrayintsiv-dokazy/31928332.html (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2022). Retreat of Russian forces uncovers evidence of possible war crimes. El pais. Retrieved from: https://web.archive.org/web/20220404012900/https://english.elpais.com/international/2022-04-03/retreat-of-russian-forces-uncovers-evidence-of-possible-war-crimes.html (Last accessed: 25.06.2023).
  • (2022). On the Statement of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine «On the Commitment of Genocide in Ukraine by the Russian Federation». Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. Retrieved from: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2188-20#Text (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2022). Russia’s Bucha «Facts» Versus the Evidence. Bellingcat. Retrieved from: https://www.bellingcat.com/news/2022/04/04/russias-bucha-facts-versus-the-evidence/ (Last accessed: 25.06. 2023).
  • (2022). What the Russian military actually did in Bucha: DW fact-check. Made for minds. Retrieved from: https://www.dw.com/uk/shcho-naspravdi-vchynyly-rosiiski-viiskovi-v-buchi-faktchek-dw/video-61409269 (Last accessed: 25.06.2023).
  • (2022). As Russian soldiers retreat, they leave evidence of war crimes. Economist. Retrieved from: https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/04/03/retreating-russian-troops-leave-behind-harrowing-evidence-of-atrocities (Last accessed: 25.06.2023).
  • (2022). The corpses of Russians and the wreckage of the Mriya: Bucha and Gostomel now. BBS News Ukraine. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AhyBfP2TPgs&t=19s (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2022). New Evidence Shows How Russian Soldiers Executed Men in Bucha. The New York Times. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/19/world/europe/russia-bucha-ukraine-executions.html?fbclid=IwAR3bcF-kneqngLB7BkDj0TPIre8h4ioVxOhT4C8yKJWPKSiCpe41t9WD5PM (Last accessed: 25.06.2023).
  • (2023). The massacre of civilians in towns near Kyiv: what we know and who is investigating. BBC news Ukraine. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/news-60973720 (Last accessed: 25.06.2023).
  • Video: Joyce Koch, Jorge Ribas. The Washington Post. Retrieved from: https://wapo.st/3jg2w4d (Last accessed: 25.06.2023).
  • (2022). Ukraine: apparent war crimes in Russia-controlled areas. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved from: https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/04/03/ukraine-apparent-war-crimes-russia-controlled-areas (Last accessed: 25.06.2023).
  • Commentary by Anatoliy Fedoruk, Mayor of Bucha, for CBC Central Television (Canada). Bucha City Council. Official page. Facebook. Retrieved from: https://www.facebook.com/bucharada.gov.ua/videos/317202790550131/?t=958 (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2022). Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 18.04.2022 № 215 «On awarding the 64th separate motorized rifle brigade an honorary name». Retrieved from: http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001202204180025 (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2022). Investigators confirm that the Russian army’s terror against civilians is deliberate. Voice of America. Retrieved from: https://ukrainian.voanews.com/a/6807947.html?nocache=1&fbclid=IwAR1qgSr2EKrHtutg2KSzqD_luHm2gKdeWv8efcut-48bd-IWFcNj71eR6MU (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • Kazansky, Denis. Telegram. Retrieved from: https://t.me/kazansky2017/2346 (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2022). In Bucha, racists shot and tried to burn a family with children. Pershyi. Ukrainskyi. Informatsiynyi. Retrieved from: https://www.5.ua/regiony/u-buchi-rashysty-rozstrilialy-ta-namahalysia-spalyty-rodynu-z-ditmy-foto-18-273391.html (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2022). New Evidence Shows How Russian Soldiers Executed Men in Bucha. The New York Times. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/19/world/europe/russia-bucha-ukraine-executions.html?fbclid=IwAR3bcF- (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • Liudmyla, Denisova. Facebook. Retrieved from: https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=515504046597539&set=a.244521147029165 (Last accessed: 25.06.2023).
  • (2022). Law enforcement officers found a torture chamber in a children’s sanatorium in Bucha. Suspilne Novyny. Retrieved from: https://suspilne.media/225189-pravoohoronci-viavili-kativnu-u-ditacomu-sanatorii-buci/ (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • Torture chamber in Kyiv region — prosecutors continue to record war crimes of the Russian Federation. Office of the Prosecutor General. Telegram. Retrieved from: https://t.me/pgo_gov_ua/3529 (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2022). Russische Soldaten besprachen Graueltaten gegen Zivilisten uber Funk. Der Spiegel. Politik. Retrieved from: https://www.spiegel.de/politik/ukraine-butscha-soldaten-besprachen-graeueltaten-gegen-zivilisten-ueber-funk-a-9e01662c-aa7e-4828-bf6f-f662d9b6164e (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2022). The shooting of the Suhenko family in Motyzhyn. Fellow villagers of the murdered head of the village council tell about her assistance to the AFU, her death and the atrocities of the occupiers. NV Ukraine. Retrieved from: https://nv.ua/ukr/ukraine/events/rozstril-sim-ji-suhenkiv-u-motizhini-v-seli-rozpovili-pro-zvirstva-viyskovih-rf-novini-ukrajini-50231551.html (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2022). Horrifying evidence of war crimes near Kyiv. BBC news Ukraine. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/features-60952633 (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2022). In Makariv, Kyiv region, 132 shot bodies were found, the village was destroyed by 40%, — village head Tokar. Censor.net. Retrieved from: https://censor.net/ua/news/3332489/u_makarovi_na_kyyivschyni_vyyavyly_132_rozstrilyanyh_tila_selysche_zruyinovane_na_40_selyschnyyi_golova (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2022). Gostomel, Bucha, Irpin: what the cities have become after the Russian occupation and daily artillery shelling (photo). TSN. Retrieved from: https://tsn.ua/ato/gostomel-bucha-irpin-yakimi-stali-mista-pislya-rosiyskoyi-okupanciyi-ta-schodennih-obstriliv-artileriyeyu-foto-2032105.html (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2022). In Irpin, Russian occupants shot people and crushed their bodies with tanks — the mayor of the city. TSN. Retrieved from: https://tsn.ua/ato/v-irpeni-rosiyski-okupanti-rozstrilyuvali-lyudey-ta-davali-tila-tankami-mer-mista-2031127.html (accessed June 25, 2023).
  • (2022). Irpin suffered the most: houses were bombed, all apartments were looted, and shot residents were lying on the streets. BIG KYIV. Retrieved from: https://bigkyiv.com.ua/irpin-postrazhdav-najbilshe-budynky-rozbombleni-vsi-kvartyry-pograbovani-rozstrilyani-zhyteli-lezhaly-na-vulyczyah/ (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • Iryna, Venediktova. Twitter. Retrieved from: https://twitter.com/VenediktovaIV/status/1512168922598055937 (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2022). In Kyiv region, 1084 civilians were found killed, more than 300 bodies have not yet been identified — Police. 5. First. Ukrayinsky. Informatsiynyi. Retrieved from: https://www.5.ua/kyiv/na-kyivshchyni-znaishly-vbytymy-1084-myrnykh-meshkantsi-ponad-300-til-ishche-ne-identyfikovani-politsiia-275249.html (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • Azov Regiment — official channel. Telegram. Retrieved from: https://t.me/polkazov/4037 (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2022). Genocide in Mariupol. The Russian offensive has already killed 5000 residents. Your City. Retrieved from: https://tvoemisto.tv/news/genotsyd_u_mariupoli_cherez_nastup_rosiyan_zagynuly_vzhe_5000_meshkantsiv_129918.html (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2023). More than 10000 civilians killed in Mariupol — mayor. Ukrinform. Retrieved from: https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-regions/3455608-u-mariupoli-zaginuli-ponad-10-tisac-mirnih-ziteliv-mer.html (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2022). Three people died in Mariupol due to an air strike on a children’s hospital — city council. Radio Liberty. Retrieved from: https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/news-mariupol-zahybli/31746083.html (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2022). Ukraine says 130 people rescued from bombed Mariupol theater but more than a thousand remain trapped. Independent. Retrieved from: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/ukraine-mariupol-bombed-theatre-rescue-b2038920.html (Last accessed: 25.06.2023).
  • (2022). Estimated 300 dead in Mariupol theater — official. BBC NEWS. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-europe-60856533 (Last accessed: 25.06.2023).
  • (2023). AP evidence points to 600 dead in Mariupol theater airstrike. Associated Press. Retrieved from: https://web.archive.org/web/20220504125414/https://apnews.com/article/Russia-ukraine-war-mariupol-theater-c321a196fbd568899841b506afcac7a1?utm_source=Twitter&utm_medium=AP&utm_campaign=SocialFlow (Last accessed: 25.06.2023).
  • (2023). Fire and steel. The chronology of the wars in Mariupol. Texty.org.ua. Retrieved from: https://texty.org.ua/articles/106643/vohon-i-stal-hronolohiya-vijny-u-mariupoli/ (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2022). Media: 87 thousand dead documented in Mariupol, but the figure is not final. Channel 5. Retrieved from: https://www.5.ua/regiony/u-mariupoli-zadokumentovano-87-tysiach-zahyblykh-ale-tsyfra-ne-ostatochna-zmi-286225.html (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2023). «Mariupol. Lost Hope» is a film about people who lived in Mariupol during the first month of the invasion. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ys0QF5SIzMI (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2023). «Mommy, I don’t want to die!» Diary from hell. The author is journalist Nadiia Sukhorukova. Retrieved from: https://www.0629.com.ua/news/3354660/mamocka-a-ne-hocu-umirat-sodennik-z-pekla-avtor-zurnalistka-nadia-suhorukova (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2023). Liberation of Chernihiv region through the lens of Radio Liberty correspondents. Retrieved from: https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/yak-zsu-zvilnialy-chernihivshchynu/32347541.html (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2022). Rape, detention in inhumane conditions, executions: the UN commission recorded crimes of the Russian military in Chernihiv region. Suspilne Novyny. Retrieved from: https://suspilne.media/298568-zgvaltuvanna-trimanna-v-neludskih-umovah-strati-komisia-oon-zafiksuvala-zlocini-vijskovih-rf-na-cernigivsini/ (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2022). Ukraine: Apparent War Crimes in Russia-Controlled Areas. Human rights watch. Retrieved from: https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/04/03/ukraine-apparent-war-crimes-russia-controlled-areas (Last accessed: 25.06.2023).
  • (2022). Prosecutor’s Office: 11 people died of starvation and suffocation in the basement of a school in Yahidne. Suspilne Novyny. Retrieved from: https://suspilne.media/235662-v-pidvali-skoli-u-agidnomu-vid-golodu-ta-zaduhi-pomerli-11-ludej-prokuratura/ (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2022). The occupiers left behind one of the largest mass graves in Izium. Zn.ua. Retrieved from: https://zn.ua/ukr/UKRAINE/okupanti-zalishili-po-sobi-v-izjumi-odnu-z-najbilshikh-bratskikh-mohil.html (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • Oleh Syniehubov, head of the Kharkiv Regional State Administration. Telegram. Retrieved from: https://t.me/synegubov/4251 (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2022). Exhumation is completed in Izium — 447 bodies have been raised, including many women and children. Ukrainska Pravda. Retrieved from: https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/09/23/7368817/ (Last accessed: on June 25, 2023).
  • (2022). Police found 18 torture chambers in Kharkiv region, more than a thousand Russian war criminals are known — police. Ukrayinska Pravda. Retrieved from: https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/09/23/7368821/ (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2022). Torture of people in Izium by Russian military was «part of their policy» — HRW. Voice of America. Retrieved from: https://ukrainian.voanews.com/a/izyum-katu­vannja/6796099.html?nocache=1&fbclid=IwAR3ZNvTZp4L0hNI1ClFKbajn4ZqXZyKASlBCAJLylfmbQ09Z3l32BN2YcaU (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • ISW on the discovery of mass graves of civilians and torture chambers in liberated Izium. Twitter. Retrieved from: https://twitter.com/TheStudyofWar/status/1570941726973480962?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1570941726973480962%7Ctwgr%5E258a6837dfe7eaf3a511b5321e27275b9689a4b7%7Ctwcon%5Es1_c10&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiosvoboda.org%2Fa%2Fizyum-voyenni-zlochyny%2F32038961.html (Last accessed: 25.06.2023).
  • Exhumation completed in Lyman: 111 bodies of civilians and 35 military. Ukrainska Pravda. Retrieved from: https://www.pravda.com.ua. /news/2022/10/20/7372790/ (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2022). In Ukraine, a Russian soldier was first notified of rape suspicion — Venediktova. Hromadske. Retrieved from: https://hromadske.ua/posts/v-ukrayini-rosijskomu-vijskovomu-vpershe-ogolosili-pidozru-u-zgvaltuvanni-venediktova (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2022). Russian occupants raped women and children in Kyiv region — Ombudsman. Hromadske. Retrieved from: https://hromadske.ua/posts/rosijski-okupanti-gvaltuvali-na-kiyivshini-zhinok-ta-ditej-ombudsmenka (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • Melinda Simmons. Twitter. Retrieved from: https://twitter.com/MelSimmonsFCDO?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1510500801554354181%7Ctwgr%5E259fe0777c4539af616ab565dfcb8296977f5a27%7Ctwcon%5Es1_&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fsuspilne.media%2F224719-zgvaltuvanna-ce-znaradda-vijni-rosian-u-britanii-vidreaguvali-na-voenni-zlocini-soldativ-rf%2F (Last accessed: 25.06.2023).
  • A volunteer rescued 203 people from the cities of the occupied Kyiv region. Incredible.ua. Retrieved from: https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fyoutu.be%2Fa52AoiN6jYw%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR3bGEsNnZy6MlbGWWLVovWwpPmvgV8eVwgI5Y7wCQxK_r45WhkQL3QIBQc&h=AT3J9B4EmcxJ15REwBtwNFJ8B-BJ7ddijiXoVo0F2MwvEgmeDmCVExf5ycE3Cp1LwLz__T60HXoX3pex5b_6TY1HDlXdPd1EcRXIvHl6h-EL25Ljf8G7AkvXkuxLbokxvqRd (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2022). Rape, detention in inhumane conditions, executions: UN commission records crimes of the Russian military in Chernihiv region. Suspilne Novyny. Retrieved from: https://suspilne.media/298568-zgvaltuvanna-trimanna-v-neludskih-umovah-strati-komisia-oon-zafiksuvala-zlocini-vijskovih-rf-na-cernigivsini/ (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2022). Ukraine: Apparent War Crimes in Russia-Controlled Areas. Human rights watch. Retrieved from: https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/04/03/ukraine-apparent-war-crimes-russia-controlled-areas (Last accessed: 25.06.2023).
  • (2022). In Kherson region, Russians raped a pregnant girl and an old woman. Ukrinform. Retrieved from: https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-ato/3451744-na-hersonsini-rosiani-zgvaltuvali-vagitnu-divcinu-ta-babusu.html (Last accessed: 25.06.2023).
  • (2022). «A nine-year-old girl was raped by 11 orcs and her stomach was cut open» Rivne journalist about the atrocities in Irpin. Radio Track: news. Retrieved from: https://radiotrek.rv.ua/news/9-richnu-divchinku-gvaltuvali-11-orkiv—rivnenska-zhurnalistka-pro-zvirstva-v-irpeni_286331.html (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2022). Zelensky told how many Ukrainians were forcibly deported to Russia by the occupiers. Word and Deed. Retrieved from: https://www.slovoidilo.ua/2022/10/06/novyna/bezpeka/zelenskyj-rozpoviv-skilky-ukrayincziv-okupanty-prymusovo-deportuvaly-rosiyi (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • Information portal «Children of War», 2022. Retrieved from: https://childrenofwar.gov.ua/ (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2022). The occupiers deported 1.6 million Ukrainians to Russia, according to US estimates. LB.ua. Retrieved from: https://lb.ua/society/2022/09/08/528733_okupanti_deportuvali_rosii_16_mln.html (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2022). «Give Alisa her mother back». During the evacuation to Zaporizhzhia from Mariupol, a motherless child arrived in a convoy. Suspilne Novyny. Retrieved from: https://suspilne.media/237330-povernit-alisi-mamu-pid-cas-evakuacii-do-zaporizza-z-mariupola-v-koloni-priihala-ditina-bez-materi/ (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2022). Putin simplified the process of obtaining Russian citizenship for all residents of Ukraine. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs reacted. Suspilne Novosti. Retrieved from: https://suspilne.media/259370-putin-sprostiv-otrimanna-rosijskogo-gromadanstva-dla-vsih-ziteliv-ukraini/ (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2022). This is a new genocide. Andriy Kozytskyi. Local history. Retrieved from: https://localhistory.org.ua/texts/statti/tse-novii-genotsid/ (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2022). Intense and lasting harm: cluster munition attacks in Ukraine. Human rights watch. Retrieved from: https://www.hrw.org./report/2022/05/11/intense-and-lasting-harm/cluster-munition-attacks-ukraine (Last accessed: 25.06.2023).
  • (2022). SBU confirms that the attack on Kramatorsk railway station was carried out from the occupied territory. Retrieved from: https://espreso.tv/sbu-pidtverdila-shcho-udar-po-kramatorskomu-vokzalu-buv-zdiysneniy-z-okupovanoi-teritorii (Last accessed: 25.06.2023).
  • (2022). Russia shelled the train station in Kramatorsk: what is known at the moment. Retrieved from: https://www.rbc.ua/ukr/news/rossiya-obstrelyala-vokzal-kramatorske-izvestno-1649414604.html (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2022). As a result of the shelling of Kramatorsk, 39 people have already been killed, including 4 children. Retrieved from: https://24tv.ua/vnaslidok-aviaudaru-po-kramatorsku-vzhe-vidomo-pro-39-zagiblih_n1940872 (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • Operational Armed Forces of Ukraine. Retrieved from: https://t.me/operativnoZSU/30226?fbclid=IwAR2XBW5a08RkQZYMt5acw-ECwoAjj-MHp8l7mKmfnlxI_-_Sh2vrfOMV8N0 (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2022). On the Statement of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine «On the Commitment of Genocide in Ukraine by the Russian Federation of 14.04.2022». Retrieved from: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2188-20#Text (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • The Law of Ukraine «On the Prohibition of Propaganda of the Russian Nazi Totalitarian Regime, the Armed Aggression of the Russian Federation as a Terrorist State against Ukraine, and the Symbols of the Military Invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Nazi Totalitarian Regime». Retrieved from: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2265-20#Text (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (2022). The Verkhovna Rada adopted the Law on the Prohibition of Propaganda of the Russian Nazi Totalitarian Regime, the Armed Aggression of the Russian Federation as a Terrorist State against Ukraine, and the Symbols of the Military Invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Nazi Totalitarian Regime. Retrieved from: https://www.rada.gov.ua/news/razom/221202.html (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).
  • (1947). The Crime of Genocide. A/RES/96(I). Resolutions adopted by the General Assembly during its resumed 1st session (Vol. II, A/64/Add.2, pp. 188—189). Retrieved from: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/209873 (Last accessed: 25.06.2023).
  • Kotubey, O. What is genocide and is Russia committing it in modern Ukraine? Interview with historian Yaroslav Hrytsak. Suspilne. Culture. Retrieved from: https://suspilne.media/242447-so-take-genocid-i-ci-vcinae-jogo-rosia-v-sucasnij-ukraini-govorimo-z-istorikom-aroslavom-gricakom/ (Last accessed: June 25, 2023).

Read»

Our authors
Olena Fedorchuk. Senior Research Fellow, Ph.D. read »
Oksana Sapeliak. Senior Research Fellow, Ph.D. in... read »
Stepan Pavluk. Prof., full member of NAS of Ukraine,... read »
Kuzmenko Oksana Senior Researcher, Candidate of... read »
On bessarabian and moldavian ukrainians in the studies of historical ethnography
The article has thrown some light upon a sum of scientific findings got during XIX to XXI cc. in historio-ethnographic studies of Bessarabia and Moldavian Ukrainians. In the pre­sent paper has been given author’s answer to the problem of lacking progress as for the numerous themes concerning Ukrainians. State and achievements of the research-works in Ukrainians’ material and spiritual culture by the scientists of Moldavia and Ukraine through the years of independence has been exposed.
Read »

Wax candle as ukrainian Christmas and epiphany ritualistic text
For the first time in native ethnology the article has brought some results of special study in sign functionality of a wax candle under the context of Ukrainian Christmas and Epiphany ritualistic text (ritualism of Christmas Eve, New Year, Epiphany Eve and Feast of Epiphany). The study has stated extremely high semiotic position of a wax candle as projection of Sun, mediator between the spheres of sacral and prophane elements, symbolic analogue of human existence, apotropy, cultural symbol re-establishing borders of acculturated space.
Read »

Traditional folk clothes of velikobychkovsky hutsuly of XIX — the first half of XX century
In the study based upon numerous field materials, literature sources as well as ethnographic, historio-cultural and regional museum collections has been performed complex analysis in traditional folk clothes by Hutzul population of Velyky Bychkiv village in Transcarpathian region. Detailed descriptions of femi­nine and masculine clothing complexes of the mentioned area have been presented. In characterizing of those main attention has been paid to the detail of cut in separate components of dress; cut of feminine shirt has been added as an illustration.
Read »

Maternity ritualism by volhynians in publications of the second half XIX to the early XXI cc.
In the article have been considered some basic landmarks for fixing and publication of ethnographic materials on the maternity rites of Volhynia with analytical study in ritual elements, their kinds and territories of origin. The article has also raised a problem of gaps in studies of maternity rites of Ukrainian historio-ethnographic Volhynia.
Read »