Archive
2012 year, issue 6 read »
«Narodoznavchi Zoshyty» 2014 year, issue 4 read »
«Narodoznavchi Zoshyty» 2018 year, issue 2 read »
«The Ethnology Notebooks» 2018 year, issue 5 read »

« 2023. # 5 (173)

The Ethnology Notebooks. 2023. № 5 (173), 1153—1201

UDK 930.2:[355.09:179.6](477)”1914/2023″

DOI https://doi.org/10.15407/nz2023.05.1153

«HE IS NOT A MAN WHO HAS NOT BEEN AT WAR»: TRANSFORMATION OF THE STEREOTYPE ABOUT MALE COURAGE IN UKRAINE (1914—2023 YEARS)

KILAR Anastasia

  • ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3360-513X
  • Postgraduate student of the Departmentof Historical Ethnology,
  • Ethnology Institute оf the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine,
  • 15 Svobody ave., Lviv, 79000, Ukraine,
  • Contacts: e-mail: anastasiakilar@gmail.com

Abstract. The article highlights the issue of the transformation of the concept of courage of the Ukrainian warrior from the end of the 19th century to the present day. The author considers different periods and circumstances in which Ukrainian soldiers and women soldiers were, and what exactly affected the concept of courage. Special attention is paid to the period of the Russian-Ukrainian war from the point of view of the relevance of this topic.

The article highlights the image of a modern Ukrainian soldier, society’s perception of the new image of the Armed Forces as a single structure that guarantees the country’s security. Given that the war continues and is in an active phase, history continues to be written and therefore it is extremely important to record the contemporary experience and continue to explore it from various perspectives.

This determines the relevance of our topic.

The purpose of the article is to find out the peculiarities of the concept of courage in different periods of history.

The object of the study is a Ukrainian warrior from the 19th century to the present, and the subject is the idea of masculinity in different periods and their transformation.

The methodological basis of the research is an interdisciplinary approach, which significantly expands the boundaries of research perspectives. Oral history as a source and method plays a key role in the study of this issue.

The territory of the study covers the entire modern territory of Ukraine. Chronological boundaries of the study: from the end of the 19th century. (Ukrainians in the armies of Austria-Hungary, the Russian Empire) — and up to now (including the period of the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine after February 24, 2022).

The source base of the work was published and unpublished oral history sources, periodicals, mass media, monographs, field research materials.

Keywords: Russian-Ukrainian war, courage, medics, soldiers, volunteers, Armed Forces.

Received 15.08.2023

REFERENCES

  • Roch, A. (2018). First sex. Kyiv [in Ukrainian].
  • Borysenko, M. (2020). Formation of the image of a Ukrainian serviceman in the context of the Ukrainian-Russian armed conflict. From victimization to heroization. Collection of scientific works «Gilea: scientific bulletin». Historical sciences (Part 1, issue 159, pp. 7—14). Kyiv [in Ukrainian].
  • (2022). The turning point: Russia’s war against Ukraine in the time layers and spaces of the past. Dialogues with historians: in two books (Book 1; 2, с. 801—1555; 3). Kyiv [in Ukrainian].
  • Marco, Serge. (2016). Chronicle of a hybrid war. Kyiv: Alterpress [in Ukrainian].
  • Hrytsevich, T.L., Guzenko, I.M., Kapinus, O.S., Matsevko, T.M., & Romanishyn, A.M. (2017). Combat psychology: Manual. Lviv: Astrolabia [in Ukrainian].
  • Moroko, V.V., Vasylchuk, H., & Milcheva, V. (Eds.). (2015, 2016, 2018, 2019). Oral history of the Russian-Ukrainian war (2014—2015) (Vol. 1). Kyiv: K.I.S.; Oral history of the Russian-Ukrainian war (2014—2016) (Vol. 2). Kyiv: K.I.S.; Oral history of the Russian-Ukrainian war (2014—2016) (Vol. 3). Kyiv: K.I.S.; Oral history of the Russian-Ukrainian war (2014—2018) (Vol. 4). Kyiv: K.I.S.; Oral history of the Russian-Ukrainian war (2014—2019) (Vol. 5). Kyiv: K.I.S. [in Ukrainian].
  • (2016). AD 242. History of courage, brotherhood of self-sacrifice. Kharkiv: KSD [in Ukrainian].
  • Galushchak, M. (2020). Half a step to victory. Military construction and operations of the Galician Army in 1918—1919. Lviv: Apriori [in Ukrainian].
  • Lozynskyi, A. (2016). Ukrainians serving in the Austro-Hungarian army. All-Ukrainian of science journal «Traveler», 2 (122), 20—22 [in Ukrainian].
  • Adamenko, D. Everything you wanted to know about Austria-Hungary, but were too shy to ask. Historical Truth. February 9, 2022. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/nwf0kPvL (Last accessed: 30.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • Stetsiv, Y. (2022). Participation of Ukrainian artillery officers of the Austro-Hungarian Army in the First World War. Military-scientific bulletin (Issue 38, pp. 103—120). Lviv: NASV [in Ukrainian].
  • Velikiy, R., & Lozynskyi, A. (2014). Formation of the institution of Ukrainian military partnership in the armed forces of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. «Theological and philosophical searches of man in the historical context: the Ukrainian vector». Coll. materials of the Second Christian fasting readings (Pp. 204—210). Lviv [in Ukrainian].
  • Popelyuk, R. «Falcon»: he trained the body and raised the Ukrainian spirit. Local history. 04/06/2021. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/Uwf0yHBq (Last accessed: 30.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • Papenko, E. (2013). Ukrainian Sich riflemen: oath of allegiance to Austria-Hungary or struggle for Ukrainian state interests. Ethnic history of the peoples of Europe: Collection of scientific works (Vol. 39, pp. 102—107). Kyiv [in Ukrainian].
  • Zlenko, P. (1936). Ukrainian Sich Riflemen (Materials for the bibliographic index). Warsaw [in Ukrainian].
  • (1991). Ukrainian Sich Riflemen, 1914—1920. Lviv: Slovo [in Ukrainian]
  • Chuhlib, T. (2013). «Collective biography» of the generals of the Russian Empire of Ukrainian origin. Ukrainian biography (Vol. 10, pp. 61—77). Kyiv [in Ukrainian].
  • Denkovych, I., & Lozynskyi, A. (2017). Ukrainian officers graduates of higher military educational institutions of the Russian Empire (end of the 19th — beginning of the 20th century). Information and communication technologies in modern education: experience, problems, prospects. Collection of scientific works (Issue 5, pp. 105—110). Lviv [in Ukrainian].
  • Burda, V. The empire strikes. The history of the Ukrainian Cossacks after the destruction of Sichi. Chas.News. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/jwf0usct (Last accessed: 30.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • Yavtushenko, V. (2019). Ukrainians in the First World War. Ukraine in world wars and local conflicts of the 20th and early 21st centuries (Pp. 48—49). Kharkiv [in Ukrainian].
  • Kuzmenko, O. (2009). Riflemen’s song: folklorism, folklorization, folklore. Lviv [in Ukrainian].
  • Zinkevich, R. (2014). The beginnings of the formation of the army of the Ukrainian People’s Republic in the fall of 1917. Bulletin of the Lviv Polytechnic National University, 784, 107—113 [in Ukrainian].
  • 1917 — performance of Polubotkiv people. Ukrainian Institute of National Memory. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/jwf0uQnJ (Last accessed: 30.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • Mirchuk, P. (1995). From the Second to the Fourth Universal. Toronto [in Ukrainian].
  • Kravchuk, M. (2010). The state and the army of the Ukrainian People’s Republic during the period of the Provisional Government and their legal consolidation. State and law, 48, 69—75 [in Ukrainian].
  • 1914 — a legion of Ukrainian snipers was created in Lviv. Ukrainian Institute of National Memory. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/Wwf0icqC (Last accessed: 30.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • From the memoirs of Severyn Levytskyi about the USS. History of Plast. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/uwf0iGYm (Last accessed: 20.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • Gishchynskyi, E. (2007). For the will of Ukraine. Lutsk [in Ukrainian].
  • Tyshchyk, B. (2018). Ukrainian Galician Army — Armed Forces of the ZUNR. The Western Ukrainian People’s Republic and its place in the history of Ukrainian statehood (to the 100th anniversary of its proclamation). Collection of materials of the All-Ukrainian scientific conference (Pp. 36—40). Lviv [in Ukrainian].
  • Lytvyn, M. (2015). Project «Ukraine». Galicia in the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917—1921. Kharkiv: Folio [in Ukrainian].
  • Lysenko, O., & Mukovskyi, I. (2003). Human losses of Ukraine in the Second World War. Encyclopedia of the history of Ukraine: in 10 vol. (Vol. 1). Kyiv [in Ukrainian].
  • Zakharchuk, I. (2007). The Second World War: the experience of history — the experience of literature. Word and Time (Pp. 15—24). Kyiv [in Ukrainian].
  • Kosiv, V. (2018). Male images of Ukrainians in the poster of the Ukrainian SSR 1945—1989. Bulletin of the Lviv National Academy of Arts (Issue 37, pp. 117—134). Lviv [in Ukrainian].
  • (2019). Anonymous. A woman in Berlin. Kyiv [in Ukrainian].
  • Sweetko, P. The liberation of Kyiv and the battle for the Dnipro. How was it? PHOTO. Historical Truth. 6.11.2013. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/rwf0lKC1 (Last accessed: 06.08.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • Hnyp, I., & Ilyn, L. (2015). What did Ukrainians fight for in the ranks of the German armed forces? (based on the memoirs of Stepan Movchan). Military-historical meridian. Electronic scientific journal (Vol. 4, pp. 45—52). Kyiv [in Ukrainian].
  • Hrymych, M. (2017). Anthropology of War. Case study: «Galichyna» division. Kyiv [in Ukrainian].
  • Ukrainian insurgent army. Ukrainian Institute of National Remembrance. 14.10. 2016. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/Mwf0o2ee (Last accessed: 30.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • Antonyuk, Y. & Trofymovich, V. (2020). The underground of the OUN and the UPA in the conditions of the «front period» (1943—1944). Ukrainian historical magazine, 3, 27—38 [in Ukrainian].
  • Pahirya, O., & Ivanchenko, V. (2011). Activities of the OUN and UPA in Central-Eastern and Southern Ukraine. (New series) (Vol. 18). Kyiv; Toronto [in Ukrainian].
  • Yakym, S. (2005). The UPA is a people’s army, a fighter for the independence of the Ukrainian state. Bulletin of the Lviv Polytechnic National University, 541, 122—124 [in Ukrainian].
  • Ponypalyak, O. (2015). UPA senior school «named after the Hero of Krut, Heorhiy Pipsky — Elena I/Elenia II» (March-October 1944). Ethnic history of the peoples of Europe.Kyiv, 46, 127—135 [in Ukrainian].
  • Senkiv, M. (2004). OUN and UPA resistance to the collectivization of the Western Ukrainian countryside, 1944—1952. Problems of the history of Ukraine: facts, judgments, searches (Vol. 12, pp. 371—379). Kyiv [in Ukrainian].
  • Borshchik, Y.V. (2019). Oath of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army. Encyclopedia of the history of Ukraine: Ukraine-Ukrainians (Book 2). Kyiv: Naukova dumka [in Ukrainian].
  • Sidorov, S. (2012). Soviet Army. Encyclopedia of the history of Ukraine (Vol. 9, pp. 115—118). Kyiv [in Ukrainian].
  • 1968 — suppression of the «Prague Spring». Ukrainian Institute of National Memory. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/Hwf0aSOI (Last accessed: 30.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • Dmytruk, V. (2008). «Prague Spring» and Ukraine. From the archives of the VUCHK-GPU-NKVD-KGB, 1—2, 7—37 [in Ukrainian].
  • 40 years ago, the Soviet Union entered Afghanistan — the war is still ongoing. Radio Svoboda. 25.12.2019. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/Xwf0stqv (Last accessed: 10.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • «We remember, but we are not proud» UINP on rethinking the war in Afghanistan. Historical Truth. 15.02.2019. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/ywf0zbyN (Last accessed: 08.07.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • Kovalkov, O. (2014). Afghanistan and the Afghan war through the eyes of Soviet «Afghans». Scientific works of the Faculty of History of Zaporizhzhya National University (Issue 49, pp. 143—147). Zaporizhzhia [in Ukrainian].
  • Ostrovyk, D. (2018). Problems of adaptation of «Afghan» soldiers in the conditions of transformational processes in the Soviet society of the 1980s. Scientific notes on Ukrainian history: Collection of scientific articles (Issue 44, pp. 88—98). Pereyaslav [in Ukrainian].
  • Hrynevych, L. (2005). Armed Forces of Ukraine in the 1990s. Encyclopedia of the history of Ukraine (Vol. 3, pp. 310—311). Kyiv [in Ukrainian].
  • With a shield or on a shield. How the Ukrainian army changed during the 30 years of Independence. RBC-Ukraine. 10.08.2021. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/iwf0djPH (Last accessed: 14.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • (2019). Theft in the Armed Forces in 2004—2017 — report of the investigative commission. Ukrainian Military Pages (Part 1). Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/owf0dSyG (Last accessed: 08.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • Transcript of the meeting of the National Security Service of Ukraine on February 28, 2014 regarding the situation in Crimea. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/Gwf0foRv Last accessed: 08.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • Oleksandr Turchynov: «Where in Crimea they carried out orders, they came out with weapons and flags». Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/fwf0gj86 (Last accessed: 05.08.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • The full text of the transcript of the meeting of the National Security and Defense Council chaired by acting President of Ukraine, Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine O.V. Turchynova from February 28, 2014. Military. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/twf0hkra (Last accessed: 05.07.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • Kilar, A., Pikulytska, H., & Bulka, S. (2021). Warriors of Light: University and War (Part 1). Lviv [in Ukrainian].
  • Archive of IN NASU. F. 1. Op. 2. Unit coll. 829 [in Ukrainian].
  • «We really want satisfaction»: fighters about their motivation and the liberation of Kherson Oblast. Radio Svoboda. 3.09.2022. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/twf0xiJK (Last accessed: 05.06.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • «Changed the gadget to a machine gun»: special agent and top blogger Kyrylo Sazonov. Army Inform. 03.07.2023. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/9wf0xUwQ (Last accessed: 05.08.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • The chief military commissar of Kyiv: in the first months of the war, queues at the military commissars were very long. TSN. 10.24.2022. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/Rwf0xMQe (Last accessed: 05.04.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • Decree of the President of Ukraine № 69/2022 «On General Mobilization». President of Ukraine. Official online representation. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/kwf0cfR8 (Last accessed: 20.04.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • (2021). Russia is drawing troops to the border with Ukraine. «It doesn’t look like training» — media. BBC News Ukraine. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/Awf0cPpV (Last accessed:20.04.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • Russia is drawing troops to the border of Ukraine in an «alarming amount» — CIT. Ukrainian Pravda. 24.11.2021. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/3wf0c7WY (Last accessed: 20.04.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • The Russian military is once again beginning to accumulate forces and means near the borders of Ukraine. Ukrinform. 31.10.2021. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/Rwf0vlAt (Last accessed: 21.04.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • Russian troop movements near Ukraine border prompt concern in U.S., Europe. The Washington Post. 30.10.2021. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/Gwf0bJDr (Last accessed: 21.04.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • Law of Ukraine «On the Basics of National Resistance». Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/uwf0nt7O (Last accessed: 20.04.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • In Ukraine, the formation of units of the Territorial Defense Forces of the Ukrainian Armed Forces is being accelerated. Ministry of Defence Ukraine. Official website. 18.01.2022. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/dwf0mwX1 (Last accessed: 20.04.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • Musician Polozhinsky signed a contract for military service in the reserve of the Armed Forces. Censor.Net. 15.02.2022. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/Vwf0m2c3 (Last accessed: 20.04.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • The Council adopted in the first reading a draft law that allows the participation of the Teroborana in combat operations. No Censor. 15.02.2022. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/Ywf0QsvE (Last accessed: 20.04.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • 37000 citizens have already joined the ranks of the Teroborona, — Zaluzhnyi. Censor.Net. 27.02.2022. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/twf0QT7I (Last accessed: 20.04.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • «Judicial practice was formulated quickly». What awaits those who ignore subpoenas — a lawyer. NV Ukraine. 20.07.2022. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/rwf0QNGp (Last accessed: 20.04.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • They paid $2,000000 each: border guards detained fugitives on the border with Moldova. TSN. 01.04.2023. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/1wf0M9U4 (Last accessed: 25.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • In Zhytomyr Oblast, three women entered into a fictitious marriage to transport conscripts across the border: they were informed of the suspicion. Bykvu. 01.02.2023. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/Bwf01hFR (Last accessed: 25.04.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • The SBU blocked dozens of Telegram channels that reported on the places where summonses were served. Radio Svoboda. 08.03.2023. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/Awf01P72 (Last accessed: 25.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • Ministry of Internal Affairs: In Ukraine, criminal liability is introduced for photographing and videotaping the movements of military personnel, weapons and equipment. Government portal. The only web portal of executive authorities of Ukraine. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/Vwf013QF (Last accessed: 25.04.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • «Think, are you «nothingness» or do you have dignity?»: Acting commander of «Azov» «Tavr» Krotevych about evaders from subpoenas in the Armed Forces — «Rendezvous». 5. First Ukrainian Information. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/kwf00k1h (Last accessed: 08.06.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • «Fear is normal»: the legendary soldier of the ZSU Kovalenko gave simple advice that will save lives in the event of enemy fire. 5. First Ukrainian Information. 07.06.2022. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/Gwf00BnP (Last accessed: 18.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • Serhiy Panas: What is happening under Bakhmut resembles a zombie apocalypse. The enemy marches as if on parade — full height, to the slaughter. Volyn UA. 11.04.2023. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/2wf02sJR (Last accessed: 16.08.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • Commander of the assault unit Ruslan «Pisnya» Kachurovsky: In Bakhmut, the Russians go snoring, as brazenly as possible, at full height. Accordingly, they receive in full. UNIAN. 15.12.2022. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/Bwf02GPd (Last accessed: 14.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • Songs of War. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/uwf09rpd (Last accessed: 20.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • «There are no more queues for military commissions, and people are needed at the front»: commander Vyshebaba — about the need for mobilization. TSN. 12.03.2023. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/kwf09Qxf (Last accessed: 25.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • «Go to your Bakhmut»: a Cherkasy man got into a «language conflict» at a ski resort. Social News. 03.04.2023. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/5wf091Xe (Last accessed: 05.07.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • Conflict between a military medic and a vacationer in Bukovel: what is known. ZAXID.NET. 03.04.2023. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/twf03cDb (Last accessed: 05.07.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • «I didn’t want to offend»: the hero of the scandal in Bukovel apologized to the Armed Forces (video). UNIAN. 03.04.2023. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/dwf03XFE (Last accessed: 05.07.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • Conflict in a minibus near Kharkov: an ATO soldier could not get into the cabin three times with a UBD card (video). TSN. 14.04.2021. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/Ywf08f3b (Last accessed: 07.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • Not everyone will receive 30 thousand. How salaries and pensions for the military have changed since February 1. Economic Truth. 23.02.2023. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/Wwf08YUd (Last accessed: 14.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • The government canceled the additional payment of UAH 30,000 to soldiers in the rear. Is this decision correct? Economist, military and politician answer. Forbes. 01.02.2022. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/9wf08VSI (Last accessed: 17.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • The soldier calculated how much the salary at zero differs from the income of civilians. Big Kyiv. 03.04.2023. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/mwf04w1d (Last accessed: 17.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • The «How are you, brother?» project was launched for military and civilians, designed to help people during wartime. Lviv OVA. 13.04.2023. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/lwf04c8A (Last accessed: 25.04.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • How to adapt to peaceful life after the front, when the war is still going on. Weche. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/uwf04PQj (Last accessed: 25.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • BECAUSE OF YOU. National campaign of thanks to the military and veterans of Ukraine (official website of the campaign). Retrieved from: https://zt.org.ua/ (Last accessed: 25.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • «Thanks to you» initiative: do the military need a gesture of thanks «palm to heart». Radio Svoboda. 10.08.2019. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/0wf07dyS (Last accessed: 25.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • Podobna, E. (2018). Girls cut their braids. A book of memories. Kyiv: Luta Sprava [in Ukrainian].
  • Lytvyn, M., & Naumenko, K. (1992). Ukrainian Sich Riflemen: to the 500th anniversary of Cossack glory. Kyiv [in Ukrainian].
  • Songs of war. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/iwf07YcM (Last accessed: 20.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • «ArmyInform» website. Army Inform. 4.12.2021. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/1wf07CX4 (Last accessed: 05.20.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • Zelenska named the number of women in the Armed Forces. Public radio. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/Vwf05ik7 (Last accessed: 20.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • Post on the Facebook page of the Ukrainian Association of Representatives of Law Enforcement Bodies — UAPPO dated July 6, 2022. Facebook. 06.07.2022. Retrieved from: https://www.facebook.com/UAWLE/ (Last accessed: 20.05.2023). [in Ukrainian].
  • Running-Ren, E. (1982). Mosaic of my memories. Munich; London [in Ukrainian].
  • The first hours of a large-scale war. Why did the Armed Forces accept the battle, but retreated? Radio Svoboda. 18.07.2022. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/Fwf05E78 (Last accessed: 24.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • They endured and did not surrender: the anniversary of the liberation of Kyiv region and Chernihiv region — footage of the crimes of the occupiers. Channel 24. 02.04.2023. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/Jwf0593a (Last accessed: 14.04.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • The entire Kyiv region was liberated from the occupiers — the Ministry of Defense. Ukrainian Pravda. 2.04.2022. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/owf06d2i (Last accessed: 23.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • April 2 is the anniversary of the liberation of Kyiv Oblast. Social News. 02.04.2023. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/hwf06nJ9 (Last accessed:23.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • The entire Kyiv region is freed from the troops of the Russian Federation — the Ministry of Defense. Radio Svoboda. 02.04.2022. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/Pwf06FFE (Last accessed: 23.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • The liberation of Kyiv Oblast became «the foundation of further successful operations» — Syrskyi. Radio Svoboda. 02.04.2023. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/6wf2qqxT (Last accessed: 23.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • «When you plunge into the elements of war, the task is to hold the frontier»: the commander of the «Black Zaporozhets» told how they managed to hold Kyiv in March. 5. First Ukrainian Information. 20.06.2022. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/pwf2qhxz (Last accessed: 05.04.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • What is happening in Mariupol and Azovstal. BBC News Ukraine. 21.05.2022. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/Awf2qSFW (Last accessed: 05.04.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • Defenders of Mariupol gave a briefing from the blocked «Azovstal»: the main thing. Hromadske. 08.05.2022. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/Dwf2q0va (Last accessed: 15.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • Commander of «Azov» Denys Prokopenko (Redis): We did everything possible and impossible to draw back the overwhelming enemy forces. Ukrainian Pravda. 08.05.2022. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/xwf2wpjy (Last accessed: 15.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • «Rain» in apartments and stolen windows: residents of Mariupol are dissatisfied with the «renovations» of the occupiers. UNIAN. 20.11.2022. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/owf2wnKn (Last accessed: 15.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • The adviser to the mayor of Mariupol told how the invaders forced the townspeople to testify against the Armed Forces. Ukrinform. 15.06.2022. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/5wf2wHTC (Last accessed: 15.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • «The Armed Forces are close»: patriots staged a flash mob in Mariupol (photo). Glavkom. 13.02.2023. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/Owf2w9HH (Last accessed: 20.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • In Mariupol, the occupiers announced a hunt for a teenager who tore down the Russian flag and called it a «rag». Newsroom. 21.06.2022. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/mwf2eimD (Last accessed: 20.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • June 13 — Mariupol Liberation Day. Ukrainian Institute of National Remembrance. 13.06.2020. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/4wf2eIlz (Last accessed: 20.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • The wife of the commander of the «Azov» regiment called for the liberation of Ukrainian soldiers from captivity in the Russian Federation. Ukrinform. 23.01.2023. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/Uwf2rWxi (Last accessed: 20.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • 118 «Christmas in captivity»: a performance was held on Sofia Square to remind about the captive Azov residents (PHOTO). Hromadske. 24.12.2022. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/7wf2rKdc (Last accessed: 23.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • «Our brigade liberated Izyum»: an interview with a wounded paratrooper from Odesa. Social News. 23.10.2022. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/lwf2toTX (Last accessed: 10.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • «Tired of retreating»: the Armed Forces told how the counteroffensive in Kharkiv Oblast was conducted. UNIAN. 5.12.2022. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/vwf2tAab (Last accessed: 10.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • With tears, kneeling and with the national anthem of Ukraine: how locals meet defenders in de-occupied villages and cities. TSN. 6.10.2022. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/qwf2t1UW (Last accessed: 10.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • «We really want satisfaction»: fighters about their motivation and the liberation of Kherson Oblast. Radio Svoboda. 03.09.2022. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/mwf2yKXB (Last accessed: 07.08.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • The enemy is throwing all its fighting forces at Bakhmut, fierce battles are going on, — officer of the Svoboda battalion Illenko. Espresso. 3.01.2023. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/Xwf2y6mr (Last accessed: 15.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • The longest battle of the war. What is happening in Bakhmut engulfed in fire. BBC News Ukraine. 10.03.2023. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/twf2ule9 (Last accessed: 16.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • The Armed Forces retreated from Soledar: «To save the lives of personnel». BBC News Ukraine. 25.01.2023. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/3wf2uUXR (Last accessed: 18.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • Hard battles are going on for Soledar — Hanna Malyar. Telegram. 10.01.2023. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/hwf2uCvu (Last accessed: 20.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • Can the Russian Federation break through the front: the head of the CIA assessed the strength of the aggressor. UNIAN. 09.03.2023. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/Xwf2if7B (Last accessed: 20.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • Eastern front: how will the Russian offensive in Donbas develop? BBC News Ukraine. 11.04.2022. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/pwf2iDJa (Last accessed: 20.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • Hero of Ukraine Dmytro Kotsyubailo died under Bakhmut, «Da Vinci» — the president. Radio Svoboda. 07.03.2023. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/jwf2i9DU (Last accessed: 05.04.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • As noted in the SBU, the investigators established that the Ukrainian military man who was shot after saying «Glory to Ukraine!» was a sniper of the 163rd battalion of the 119th separate brigade of TRO of the Chernihiv region, Oleksandr Ihorovych Matsievskyi. UNIAN. 12.03.2023. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/lwf2olWL (Last accessed: 05.04.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • Execution of a Ukrainian prisoner for the words «Glory to Ukraine». What is known. BBC News Ukraine. 06.03.2023. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/9wf2oPk1 (Last accessed: 05.06.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • The Russian Federation withdrew from the Geneva Convention. The UN will not be able to judge her for violating the rights of civilians during the war. Social News. 22.11.2019. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/iwf2o8Ff (Last accessed: 05.06.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • The SBU began an investigation into the probable execution of a Ukrainian soldier. Hromadske. 12.04.2023. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/jwf2phUs (Last accessed: 20.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • A live Ukrainian soldier was beheaded: the Russian occupiers shocked the world with a new brutal video. 5. The first. Ukrainian.Informational. 12.04.2023. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/zwf2pSF1 (Last accessed: 05.06.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • On February 18, captured self-defenders were beheaded (video). TEXTY.ORG.UA. 26.02.2014. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/Hwf2p9rh (Last accessed: 05.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • Mykhailo Gavrilyuk. The heads of the Cossacks were cut off. Youtube. 26.02.2014. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/Ewf2amCB (Last accessed: 05.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • On February 18, the captured Maidan residents were beheaded, — Havrilyuk. Channel 24. 26.02.2014. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/fwf2aBCA (Last accessed: 05.05.2023 [in Ukrainian].
  • Murders on the Maidan: the security forces say about the trail of the FSB. BBC News Ukraine. 03.04.2014. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/pwf2sfEg (Last accessed: 05.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • Crimes against the Maidan: who is hindering the investigation. BBC News Ukraine. 17.11.2015. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/twf2djqP (Last accessed: 05.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • How «Wagnerians» loot in Bakhmut. Will Europe see this footage? Obozrevatel. 12.03.2023. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/iwf2dNGT (Last accessed: 05.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • «PMC Putler»: exposure of EvgenyPrigozhin and «Project K», their war criminals and atrocities. Youtube. 17.04.2023. Retrieved from: https://youtu.be/vYqdso9Hx_8 (Last accessed: 20.05.2023) [in russian].
  • Children and teenagers were killed in Bakhmut. Russians-«Wagnerians» told about their crimes. How Ukraine and Prigozhin react. BBC News Ukraine. 17.04.2023. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/Nwf2fmb8 (Last accessed: 26.05.2023). [in Ukrainian].
  • Drakulich, S. (2022). They wouldn’t hurt a fly. War criminals on trial in The Hague. Kyiv [in Ukrainian].
  • Up to 4,000 civilians remain in Bakhmut, Vereshchuk. LB.UA. 07.03.2023. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/twf2fXQy (Last accessed: 14.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • Many civilians want to leave Bakhmut, but they can’t anymore — volunteer. Radio Svoboda. 29.03.2023. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/Swf2gaO7 (Last accessed: 16.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].
  • «Lviv and Bakhmut are two different worlds»: a military man said that civilians do it wrong. Lviv Media. 18.03.2023. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/Lwf2gnup (Last accessed: 20.05.2023) [in Ukrainian].

Read»

Our authors
Ulana Movna. Senior Research Fellow, Ph.D. in History. read »
Boliuk Oleh - kandidate of sciences in arts, Doctoral... read »
Stepan Pavluk. Prof., full member of NAS of Ukraine,... read »
Olena Nykorak. Senior Researcher, Doctor of Arts read »
Maternity ritualism by volhynians in publications of the second half XIX to the early XXI cc.
In the article have been considered some basic landmarks for fixing and publication of ethnographic materials on the maternity rites of Volhynia with analytical study in ritual elements, their kinds and territories of origin. The article has also raised a problem of gaps in studies of maternity rites of Ukrainian historio-ethnographic Volhynia.
Read »

Traditional folk clothes of velikobychkovsky hutsuly of XIX — the first half of XX century
In the study based upon numerous field materials, literature sources as well as ethnographic, historio-cultural and regional museum collections has been performed complex analysis in traditional folk clothes by Hutzul population of Velyky Bychkiv village in Transcarpathian region. Detailed descriptions of femi­nine and masculine clothing complexes of the mentioned area have been presented. In characterizing of those main attention has been paid to the detail of cut in separate components of dress; cut of feminine shirt has been added as an illustration.
Read »

Wax candle as ukrainian Christmas and epiphany ritualistic text
For the first time in native ethnology the article has brought some results of special study in sign functionality of a wax candle under the context of Ukrainian Christmas and Epiphany ritualistic text (ritualism of Christmas Eve, New Year, Epiphany Eve and Feast of Epiphany). The study has stated extremely high semiotic position of a wax candle as projection of Sun, mediator between the spheres of sacral and prophane elements, symbolic analogue of human existence, apotropy, cultural symbol re-establishing borders of acculturated space.
Read »

On field exploration of russian and belarusian ethnologists and etnolinguists in Ukrainian Polisia 1945—1980s
In the study based on a wide range of literary materials have been comprehensively characterised field research in Polisia of Ukraine, performed by Russian and Belarusian ethnologists during 1945—1980s as well as Moscow ethnolinguists and other researchers from ethnologic centres of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus in the course of realization of Ethnolinguistic Atlas of Polisia program. Particular attention has been paid to geography, methods, themes and research results of scientific projects.
Read »